ABSTRACT Objective. To understand the association of food insecurity with sociodemographic factors in a sample population in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. This was a multicenter cross-sectional study conducted in 10 countries in Latin America using an online survey through various digital platforms from October 14, 2020 to February 15, 2021. Statistical analysis of data was performed by applying descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and logistic regression analysis. Results. Of a total of 6 357 surveys, 58.2% of respondents experienced food security, 29.3% were slightly food insecure, 9.2% were moderately food insecure, and 3.3% were severely food insecure. Concerning the association food insecurity and sociodemographic variables, there is a significant association in the variables studied, including area of residence, education level, occupation, number of persons in the household, household with children younger than 10 years of age, and socioeconomic level. Conclusions. These findings indicate that sociodemographic factors associated with food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America were rural residence; complete and incomplete basic and secondary schooling; occupation (homemaker, unemployed, and self-employed); low, medium-low, and medium socioeconomic level; household with more than four persons; and household with children younger than 10 years of age.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar la asociación de la inseguridad alimentaria con factores sociodemográficos en una muestra de población de América Latina durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal multicéntrico en diez países de América Latina mediante una encuesta en línea a través de diversas plataformas digitales, entre el 14 de octubre del 2020 y el 15 de febrero del 2021. Se realizó un análisis estadístico de los datos usando procedimientos de estadística descriptiva, la prueba ji al cuadrado y un análisis de regresión logística. Resultados. En un total de 6 357 encuestas, el 58,2% de las personas encuestadas gozaba de seguridad alimentaria, el 29,3% tenía una inseguridad alimentaria leve, el 9,2% una inseguridad alimentaria moderada y el 3,3% una inseguridad alimentaria grave. Por lo que respecta a la asociación entre la inseguridad alimentaria y las variables sociodemográficas, hay una asociación significativa para algunas de las variables estudiadas, como la zona de residencia, el nivel de estudios, la actividad laboral, el número de personas en el hogar, el hogar con menores de 10 años y el nivel socioeconómico. Conclusiones. Estos resultados indican que los factores sociodemográficos asociados a la inseguridad alimentaria durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en América Latina fueron la residencia en zonas rurales; la educación primaria y secundaria completa o no; la actividad laboral (trabajo doméstico, personas desempleadas y trabajadores autónomos); el nivel socioeconómico bajo, medio bajo, y medio; el hogar con más de cuatro personas; y el hogar con menores de 10 años.

RESUMO Objetivo. Compreender a relação entre insegurança alimentar e fatores sociodemográficos em uma amostra populacional da América Latina durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos. Estudo transversal multicêntrico realizado em 10 países da América Latina por meio de uma pesquisa on-line conduzida em diferentes plataformas digitais de 14 de outubro de 2020 a 15 de fevereiro de 2021. A análise estatística dos dados foi realizada por meio da aplicação de estatísticas descritivas, teste qui-quadrado e análise de regressão logística. Resultados. De um total de 6 357 questionários, 58,2% dos entrevistados afirmaram ter segurança alimentar, 29,3% indicaram um nível de insegurança alimentar leve, 9,2% tinham insegurança alimentar moderada e 3,3%, insegurança alimentar grave. No que diz respeito à relação entre insegurança alimentar e variáveis sociodemográficas, há uma relação significativa com as variáveis estudadas, incluindo área de residência, nível de escolaridade, ocupação, número de pessoas no domicílio, domicílio com crianças com menos de 10 anos de idade e nível socioeconômico. Conclusões. Os achados apontam que os fatores sociodemográficos associados à insegurança alimentar durante a pandemia de COVID-19 na América Latina foram residência em zona rural; ensino fundamental e médio completo e incompleto; ocupação (do lar, desempregado(a) e autônomo(a)); nível socioeconômico baixo, médio-baixo e médio; domicílio com mais de quatro pessoas; e domicílio com crianças menores de 10 anos de idade.

Resumen: En los últimos años se ha constatado un aumento de la demanda asistencial en los servicios de salud mental y, por tanto, un aumento de interconsultas que se reciben desde atención primaria, siendo necesario filtrar dichas derivaciones para poder llevar a cabo una atención adecuada. El principal objetivo de este estudio es la evaluación del modelo de derivación del Servicio de Salud Mental del Departamento del Arnau de Vila-nova-Llíria mediante un análisis descriptivo y el seguimiento a lo largo de 6 meses de las interconsultas derivadas desde atención primaria y rechazadas por salud mental en el año 2019. Durante esos meses se recibieron 2029 interconsultas, de las cuales 623 fueron rechazadas, correspondiéndose estas a 504 pacientes. De estas personas, 164 fueron finalmente citadas en salud mental tras realizar una nueva interconsulta. Este análisis pone de manifiesto la necesidad de implementar un modelo colaborativo entre atención primaria y salud mental que se traduzca en una mayor detección de casos, una mejor derivación y, en definitiva, una mejor atención a los y las pacientes.

Abstract: In recent years, there has been an increase in the demand for care in Mental Health services and, therefore, an increase in interconsultations received from Primary Care, making it necessary to filter said referrals in order to carry out adequate care. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the referral model of the Mental Health Service of the Department of Arnau de Vilanova-Llíria through the descriptive analysis and follow-up over 6 months of interconsultations derived from Primary Care and rejected by Mental Health in 2019. During those months, 2029 interconsultations were received, of which 623 were rejected, corresponding to 504 patients. Of these patients, 164 were finally attended to in Mental Health after carrying out a new interconsultation. This analysis shows the need to implement a collaborative model between Primary Care and Mental Health that turns into greater cases detection, better referral sand, ultimately, a better patient care.

ABSTRACT Biological invasions have unequivocally demonstrated to be one of the main global causes of biodiversity detriment. The objective of the research consisted in proposing a system of socio-cultural activities in the fishing villages of Isabela de Sagua and Caibarién, in the province of Villa Clara Cuba, to contribute to the knowledge of Invasive Alien Species, and their undesirable effects on Cuban marine ecosystems and on human health and in particular on the species Pterois volitans, known as lionfish. For the effective development of this research, information gathering and processing methods were used to approach the multilateral study of the research object. The research represented a novel way of appropriating new knowledge about the species P. volitans on the part of the inhabitants of these fishing villages. In the interviews conducted, it was found that some villagers had some knowledge about the lionfish, but not about the harmful effects that this animal can cause to Cuban marine ecosystems and human health. It is concluded that the lionfish invasion is a reminder of how a foreign species can become established and cause harmful effects.

RESUMEN Las invasiones biológicas han demostrado de forma inequívoca ser una de las primordiales causas mundiales del detrimento de la biodiversidad. El objetivo de la investigación consistió en proponer un sistema de actividades socioculturales en los poblados pesqueros de Isabela de Sagua y Caibarién, en la provincia de Villa Clara Cuba, para contribuir al conocimiento de las Especies Exóticas Invasoras, y sus efectos indeseables a los ecosistemas marinos cubanos y a la salud humana y en particular de la especie Pterois volitans, conocida como Pez León. Para el desarrollo de esta investigación, se emplearon métodos de recopilación de información y procesamiento de estas. La investigación representó una manera novedosa de apropiarse de nuevos conocimientos sobre la especie P. volitans por parte de los habitantes de dichos poblados pesqueros. En las entrevistas realizadas, se pudo constatar que algunos pobladores poseían ciertos conocimientos sobre el Pez León, no así de los efectos nocivos que puede provocar este animal a los ecosistemas marinos cubanos y a la salud humana. Se concluye que la invasión del Pez León es un recordatorio de cómo una especie foránea puede establecerse y provocar efectos nocivos.

Abstract: This article presents a synthesis of a literature review on the teaching of Spanish grammar during the period 2010-2021. Through an integrative review, 41 articles were identified, analyzed along three axes: a) teaching grammar in history, b) teaching Spanish grammar as a mother tongue and c) teaching Spanish grammar as a foreign language. In the first, it is shown that the teaching of school grammar from the late nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth century adopted a prescriptive approach. In the second, two lines of work were identified: the characterization of syntactic development in different groups of students and the treatment of grammar in order to support the acquisition of syntactic structures. In the latter axis, research focused on difficulties in the development of the verbal system and error analysis. It is concluded that more research and didactic proposals oriented to the configuration of an educational linguistics proper are required.

Resumen: En este artículo se expone una síntesis de una revisión bibliográfica sobre la enseñanza de la gramática del español durante el periodo 2010-2021. A través de una revisión integradora, se identificaron 41 artículos, analizados en tres ejes: a) enseñanza de la gramática en la historia, b) enseñanza de la gramática del español como lengua materna y c) enseñanza de la gramática del español como lengua extranjera. En el primero, se demuestra que la enseñanza de la gramática escolar desde fines del siglo XIX hasta mediados del siglo XX adoptó un enfoque prescriptivo. En el segundo, se identificaron dos líneas de trabajo: la caracterización del desarrollo sintáctico en diferentes grupos de estudiantes y el tratamiento de la gramática con el fin de apoyar la adquisición de estructuras sintácticas. En el último eje, las investigaciones se centraron en las dificultades en el desarrollo del sistema verbal y el análisis de errores. Se concluye que se requiere una mayor cantidad de investigaciones y de propuestas didácticas orientadas a la configuración de una lingüística educacional propiamente dicha.

Resumen El presente ensayo analiza las particularidades y diferencias del silencio administrativo positivo entre la notificación de concentración económica informativa y obligatoria conforme a la Ley Orgánica de Regulación y Control del Poder de Mercado. Las principales diferencias entre ambas radican en los umbrales, el plazo de presentación y la posibilidad de ejecutar la operación de concentración económica. La notificación de concentración económica, al ser una manifestación del derecho constitucional de petición, debe ser resuelta por el órgano resolutivo de la SCPM dentro del término legal correspondiente. Caso contrario, se ejecuta ipso iure por el silencio administrativo positivo.

Abstract This essay analyzes and discusses the particularities and differences of positive administrative silence between informative filing and mandatory filing according to the Ecuadorian Competition Act. The main variance between the informative and mandatory filing lies in the thresholds, the submission period, and the possibility of its execution. The filing is a manifestation of the constitutional right of petition and shall be resolved by the resolution body of the Ecuadorian Competition Authority (SCPM) in the term specified in the law. Otherwise, it is executed ipso iure for the positive administrative silence.

Resumen Antecedentes: El cáncer de células pequeñas (CPCP) representa el 13-15% del total de neoplasias primarias de pulmón. Se caracteriza por su rapidez en la tasa de crecimiento y en el desarrollo de metástasis a distancia. Objetivos: Orientar y estandarizar el tratamiento del CPCP enfermedad extensa en México basado en evidencia clínica nacional e internacional. Material y métodos: Este documento se desarrolló como una colaboración del Instituto Nacional de Cancerología y la Sociedad Mexicana de Oncología en cumplimiento con estándares internacionales. Se integró un grupo conformado por oncólogos médicos, cirujanos oncólogos, cirujanos de tórax, radio-oncólogos y metodólogos con experiencia en revisiones sistemáticas de la literatura y guías de práctica clínica. Resultados: Se consensaron, por el método Delphi y en reuniones a distancia, las recomendaciones en CPCP enfermedad extensa, producto de preguntas de trabajo. Se identificó y evaluó la evidencia científica que responde a cada una de dichas preguntas clínicas antes de incorporarla al cuerpo de la guía. Conclusión: Esta guía proporciona recomendaciones clínicas para el manejo de la enfermedad extensa del CPCP y durante el proceso de toma de decisiones de los clínicos involucrados con su manejo en nuestro país para mejorar la calidad de la atención clínica para estos pacientes.

Abstract Background: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) represents 13-15% of all primary lung neoplasms and is characterized by its rapid growth rate and the rapid development of distant metastases. Objectives: To guide and standardize the treatment of extensive disease small cell lung cancer in Mexico based on national and international clinical evidence. Material and methods: This document was developed as a collaboration between the National Cancer Institute and the Mexican Society of Oncology in compliance with international standards. An interdisciplinary group was formed, including medical oncologists, oncological surgeons, thoracic surgeons, radiation oncologists, and methodologists with experience in systematic reviews of the literature and clinical practice guidelines. Results: A consensus was reached, both by the Delphi method and in remote meetings, of extensive disease recommendations resulting from work questions. The scientific evidence that answers each of these clinical questions was identified and critically evaluated, before being incorporated into the body of evidence of the Guide. Conclusions: This Clinical Practice Guide provides clinical recommendations for the management of extensive disease of SCLC to contribute to the decision-making process of the clinicians involved with its management in our country, hoping that this will contribute to improving the quality of clinical care in these patients.

Abstract The tree composition in cocoa agroforestry systems (CAFS) in Guatemala is valued for providing a number of ecosystem services. Despite the importance of the trees in these systems, little is known about the tree species richness and its contribution to the conservation of diversity. We studied the botanical composition of CAFS of different ages in the Alta Verapaz department of Guatemala. In total, 70 survey plots with a size of 2500 m2 were established. An inventory was carried out in each sampling unit, recording the tree species present and measuring the diameter at breast height (DBH 1.30 m) and the height of each tree. The Importance Value Index (IVI) was calculated and species richness and the similarity between sites were evaluated. A total of 2519 trees, belonging to 59 species and 34 families were identified. The species with the highest IVI was Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth. The CAFSs with the highest and lowest species richness were those of 9-12 and 27 years old, respectively (H´=1.99, H´=0.34). This behavior can be explained by the fact that growers work to enrich the agroforestry systems with a broad diversity of species in the first years which they then begin to harvest at around 16 years of age. A discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) and the Jaccard Similarity Index were used to show that several AFS were similar in terms of composition and botanical diversity. Given the tree diversity within the CAFS, these can be acknowledged as areas with good potential for the conservation of overall biodiversity. We recommend education programs for local growers about the benefits of shade management during the production cycle of cocoa to preserve the botanical composition and structural complexity of the AFS.

Resumen La elaboración de esculturas de yeso está altamente documentada y es parte importante del patrimonio cultural mundial y local. La restauración de estas piezas es de prioridad máxima por su fragilidad, y las intervenciones de restauración deben ser cuidadosamente planificadas. El uso de radiografías digitales permite estudiar la estructura interna de la escultura, guiando una restauración exitosa en el menor plazo posible, logrando que el objeto vuelva a su uso a la brevedad posible. Objetivos: Se realizará la restauración de una escultura de yeso de un Cristo agonizante del s. XIX perteneciente al monasterio de las sacramentinas, en Santiago de Chile. Presentaba un grave daño en su brazo izquierdo. Material y método: Para planificar el proceso de restauración, se realizaron una serie de radiografías digitales, que permitieron estudiar la estructura interna y ejecutar una restauración acorde a las necesidades de la escultura, con un mínimo de intervenciones. Resultados: Se logró restaurar la escultura en un plazo de nueve semanas, desde el momento del descenso de la cruz hasta su reinstalación en esta. Conclusiones: El uso de radiografías digitales en restauración permite, en un tiempo acotado, con mínimas intervenciones y sin daños colaterales para la escultura, devolverla a su uso.

Abstract The elaboration of gesso sculptures is documented and forms an important part of the world and local cultural heritage. Restoration of these pieces is of the highest priority because of their fragility, and restoration must be carefully planned. The use of digital radiographs allows us to study the internal structure of the sculpture, guiding a successful restoration in the shortest possible time, making the object return to its use as soon as possible. Objectives: We performed the restoration of a gesso sculpture of a dying Christ from the 19th century belonging to the Sacramentinas monastery, in Santiago de Chile. It had serious damage to his left arm. Material and method: To plan the restoration process, a series of digital radiographs were made, which allowed studying the internal structure and executing a restoration according to the needs of the sculpture, with a minimum of interventions. Results: If you log in to restore the sculpture within 9 weeks, you want the time of the descent of the cross until its reinstallation on it. Conclusions: The use of digital radiographs in restoration allows, in a limited time, with minimal interventions and without collateral damage to the sculpture, bring it back to its use.

Abstract This article analyzes the current problems of the implementation of Anticipative Criminal Prevention. This is a strong example of the advancement of the punitive barrier to situations that lack a factum subject to criminal reproach or harmfulness. What is intended to be sanctioned is, through a general negative prevention, the threat of carrying out certain activities that are socially categorized as dangerous. Anticipatory criminal prevention is not coupled with the guiding principles of criminal law. The problems are evident both in substantive and procedural matters and their consequences are detrimental to the fundamental rights of citizens and the general principle of the last ratio of criminal proceedings.

Resumen El presente artículo analiza, a breves rasgos, los problemas actuales de la implementación de la prevención penal anticipativa. Esta teoría se basa en el adelantamiento de la barrera punitiva a situaciones que carecen de un factum sujeto de reproche penal o de lesividad. Lo que se pretende sancionar, a través de una prevención general negativa basada en el principio de precaución, es la amenaza de ejecutar determinadas actividades que socialmente se categorizan como peligrosas. La prevención penal anticipativa cambia el ámbito de actuación penal, convirtiéndolo en un derecho penal prospectivo. Por lo tanto, no se acopla a los principios rectores del derecho penal dentro de un estado liberal de derecho. Los problemas se evidencian tanto en materia sustantiva como procesal y sus consecuencias van en detrimento de los derechos fundamentales de los ciudadanos y del principio general de última ratio de la actuación penal.

Abstract Introduction Intraoperative fluid therapy in cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy plays an important role in postoperative morbidity. Studies have found an association between overload fluid therapy and increased postoperative complications, advising restrictive intraoperative fluid therapy. Our objective in this study was to compare the morbidity associated with restrictive versus non-restrictive intraoperative fluid therapy. Methods Retrospective analysis of a database collected prospectively in the Anesthesiology Service of Virgen del Rocío Hospital, from December 2016 to April 2019. One hundred and six patients who underwent complete cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy were divided into two cohorts according to Fluid Therapy received 1. Restrictive ≤ 9 mL.kg-1.h-1 (34 patients), 2. Non-restrictive ≥ 9 mL.kg-1.h-1 (72 patients). Percentage of major complications (Clavien-Dindo grade III-IV) and length hospital stay were the main outcomes variables. Results Of the 106 enrolled patients, 68.9% were women; 46.2% had ovarian cancer, 35.84% colorectal cancer, and 7.5% peritoneal cancer. The average fluid administration rate was 11 ± 3.58 mL.kg-1.h-1. The restrictive group suffered a significantly higher percentage of Clavien-Dindo grade III-IV complications (35.29%) compared with the non-restrictive group (15.27%) (p= 0.02). The relative risk associated with restrictive therapy was 1.968 (95% confidence interval: 1.158-3.346). We also found a significant difference for hospital length of stay, 20.91 days in the restrictive group vs 16.19 days in the non-restrictive group (p= 0.038). Conclusions Intraoperative fluid therapy restriction below 9 mL.kg-1.h-1 in cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy was associated with a higher percentage of major postoperative complications.

RESUMEN El objetivo de la investigación fue describir la producción científica sobre estudios psicométricos de instrumentos de tamizaje para la depresión en población peruana. Para ello, se realizó un estudio descriptivo de la literatura científica en Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed y SciELO, con descriptores para depresión, propiedades psicométricas y Perú. Luego del proceso de revisión se incluyeron 22 estudios. Se encontraron validaciones de instrumentos de tamizaje en adultos mayores, adultos, adultos con depresión, mujeres adultas, mujeres embarazadas, profesionales de salud, estudiantes universitarios, estudiantes de secundaria y niños. El Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) fue el instrumento más estudiado. A pesar de que los estudios psicométricos cubren la mayoría de las poblaciones, quedan pendientes los pueblos originarios y poblaciones clínicas. El PHQ-9, por sus características, podría implementarse en las políticas de salud mental del Perú.

ABSTRACT The aim of the research was to describe the scientific output of psychometric studies on screening instruments for depression in the Peruvian population. We carried out a descriptive study of the scientific literature in Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed and SciELO, with descriptors for depression, psychometric properties, and Peru. After the review process, we included 22 studies. We found validations of screening instruments for older adults, adults, adults with depression, adult women, pregnant women, health professionals, university students, high school students and children. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was the most widely used instrument. Psychometric studies cover most populations; however, native people and clinical populations remain to be studied. The PHQ-9, due to its characteristics, could be implemented in mental health policies in Peru.

ABSTRACT Improving the sugarcane payment to the sugarcane grower, in a differentiated way, according to the quality of the raw material, demanded the design by the national industry of the AZUTECNIA Horizontal Sampling Probe, as part of the kit of equipment for that purposes. The objective of the research was to determine the fulfillment of the quality of work and the technological and exploitation indices of the probe in the sampling of sugarcane to be ground in the mill under the conditions of the Cuban sugar agroindustry. The research was carried out in the laboratory of “Panchito Gómez Toro” Agro-Industrial Sugar Company, in Villa Clara Province. The standards and evaluation procedures for agricultural machines established by the Institute of Agricultural Engineering in Cuba were taken into account. The results showed that the quality of work was satisfactory, as it complied with the sample weight of 15 kg demanded by the laboratory in cane harvested with strange matter less than 12%. The operating system with the working organ active for a short period influenced the marked decrease in the productivity of operating, productive and exploitation time, as well as the exploitation coefficients associated with them; however, there is no difficulty in guaranteeing the established 16 daily samples. It showed adequate reliability, with a technical safety coefficient greater than 70%, and average fuel costs based on the number of samples and their weight of 0.053 L/sample and 0.004 L/kg, respectively.

RESUMEN Perfeccionar el pago de la caña de azúcar a los productores, de forma diferenciada, según la calidad de la materia prima demandó del diseñó por la industria nacional de la Sonda Horizontal Toma Muestra AZUTECNIA, formando parte del Kit de equipos para esos fines. El objetivo de la investigación consistió en determinar el cumplimiento de la calidad del trabajo, los índices tecnológicos y de explotación de la Sonda en el muestreo de caña de azúcar a moler en el ingenio en la agroindustria azucarera cubana. La investigación se desarrolló en el laboratorio de la Empresa Agroindustrial Azucarera Panchito Gómez Toro de la provincia de Villa Clara. Se tomó en cuenta las normas y procedimientos de evaluación de máquinas agrícolas establecidos por el Instituto de Ingeniería Agrícola en Cuba. Los resultados mostraron que la calidad del trabajo fue satisfactoria, al cumplir con el peso de la muestra de 15 kg demandado por el laboratorio en caña cosechada con materias extrañas inferiores al 12%. El régimen de operación con los órganos de trabajo del equipo activos por un período corto influyó en la disminución marcada de la productividad de tiempo operativo, productivo y de explotación; así como de los coeficientes de explotación asociados a estos; sin embargo, no existen dificultad para garantizar las 16 muestras diarias establecidas. Mostró una adecuada fiabilidad, con un coeficiente de seguridad técnica superior al 70%, y gastos de combustible promedios en función del número de muestras y de su peso de 0,053 L/muestra y 0,004 L/kg respectivamente.

Resumen El objetivo es conocer acerca del efecto indirecto de la inteligencia emocional en la autoeficacia académica a través del compromiso académico en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios del Ecuador. Para ello se realizó un análisis de tipo descriptivo correlacional, de determinación, de mediación parcial a través de SEM y de corte transversal. El instrumental empleado corresponde a la Brief Emotional Intelligence Inventory for Senior Citizens, la Utrecht Work Engagement Scale y la Escala de Autoeficacia Percibida Específica de Situaciones Académicas. La muestra estuvo conformada por 500 estudiantes (57.5 % mujeres y 42.4 % hombres), entre 18 y 45 años (M = 24.5 años; SD = 6.9), procedentes de dos universidades de Ambato y Quito en Ecuador y de 11 carreras de pregrado. Entre los resultados se encontró que los niveles de las variables en análisis son normales entre los estudiantes, aunque un 30 % se encuentran en zona de riesgo por baja autoeficacia académica. Se confirma la relación entre inteligencia emocional (r = .522; p < .01) y el compromiso académico (r = .326; p < .01) en la autoeficacia académica. Estas variables forman un modelo explicativo del 30.6 % del cambio de la varianza de la autoeficacia académica. Además, la inteligencia emocional ejerce un efecto indirecto sobre la autoeficacia académica por medio del compromiso académico (ab = .031; p < .01). Como conclusión se establece que la inteligencia emocional y el compromiso académico son predictores de la autoeficacia académica. Además, que el compromiso académico es una variable de mediación parcial entre la inteligencia emocional y la autoeficacia académica en universitarios del Ecuador. La inteligencia emocional tiene como propiedad que ejerce un efecto directo en la autoeficacia académica e indirecto-parcial por medio del compromiso.

Abstract The intrapersonal and self-influence elements of individuals are necessary to know the impact they maintain in the educational context, because they are strong internal motivators that direct the behaviour of the individual to carry out various activities, as well as their achievement and success. There is evidence of the capacities that students have to monitor, control and regulate their own behaviours in the learning process. Although historically academic performance has been associated with intelligence in general, elements such as self-monitoring, self-control, self-regulation, self-motivation and others are key pieces to prevent school failure and maintain an adequate school performance. Within educational research, phenomena such as emotional intelligence, engagement and academic self-efficacy stand out due to their impact on academic performance. There are several studies that analyse the existing dynamics of these three variables, although separately, so a multifactorial study could expand the current conception of these internal elements and their effect on education. This investigation’s objectives are to identify the current state of emotional intelligence, engagement and academic self-efficacy in a sample of university students from Ecuador, as well as the relationship between these variables and the indirect effect of emotional intelligence on academic self-efficacy through academic engagement. Thus, this study is a descriptive correlational, determination and partial mediation analysis, carried out through SEM using the Brief Emotional Intelligence Inventory for Senior Citizens, the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale and the Scale of Perceived Self-efficacy Specific to Academic Situations. The sample was made up of 500 students (57.5 % women and 42.4 % men), between 18 and 45 years old (M = 24.5 years; SD = 6.9), from two universities in Ambato and Quito in Ecuador and 11 undergraduate majors. The participants were selected through an intentional non-probabilistic sampling with inclusion criteria, which were: (a) be legally enrolled in one of the universities in this study; (b) voluntary participation in the study; (c) signed participation consent; and (c) be of legal age. In general, the levels of emotional intelligence, engagement and self-efficacy are normal among students; however, in academic engagement, 30 % are in a risk zone. The relationship between emotional intelligence (r = 0.522; p < .01) and academic engagement (r = 0.326; p < .01) in academic self-efficacy is confirmed. Together, these variables form an explanatory model that can predict changes in variance by 30.6 %. The theoretical model proposed by means of structural linear regression has an adequate adjustment indicator χ. = 252.9; p < .001; df = 116; χ./df = 2.1; CFI = .96; TLI = .95; RMSEA = .049 [.040 - .057]; SRMR = .042. In addition, emotional intelligence has an indirect effect on academic self-efficacy through academic engagement (ab = .0031; p < .01). Among the conclusions of the study, it is mentioned that emotional intelligence and academic engagement are predictors of academic self-efficacy. Therefore, their interest and management in the educational context is relevant. Moreover, the academic engagement is a partial mediation variable between emotional intelligence and academic self-efficacy in university students in Ecuador. Emotional intelligence has the ability to exert not only direct effects, but also partial indirect effects through a third variable. One of the implications of the study is that the use of more contemporary methods such as SEM allows a broader vision of the modelling of academic behaviour, which is an important contribution because it significantly reduces measurement bias. In addition, these results contribute to the future development of psychoeducational intervention processes that contribute to the improvement of the academic performance of students and to the teaching-learning processes in general. Finally, it is important to replicate similar studies in order to generalize these findings.

ABSTRACT Introduction. Different environmental hazards associated with water converge in Santiago de Cuba, which constitutes a permanent threat to human life and to the socioeconomic development of the province (heavy rains, floods, tropical cyclones, among others). Its study in terms of disaster reduction is a priority for the Cuban State. Objective: Doing a group of research and development actions in order to assess the hazard, vulnerability and risk caused by water in nature, and in water supply systems of Santiago de Cuba province, in the face of the impact of environmental phenomena. Methods. Investigations of a multidisciplinary group structured in three parts are integrated: Studies of hazard, vulnerability and risks (HVR) in water systems of Santiago de Cuba; studies of HVR in watersheds and vulnerability behavior due to the impact of capillarity humidity in buildings from the historical center of Santiago de Cuba city. Results. Tools and solutions to strengthen forecasting and early warning systems for the population and institutions involved. Design of a new procedure for risk management based on the theory of processes, vulnerability studies in water supply systems, and water as a phenomenon of capillarity humidity in buildings. Watersheds diagnostics and flood modeling; the monthly rainfall series for the province was updated, as well as the design of professional software for early warning of extreme hydrometeorological events and community actions to improve risk culture.

RESUMEN Introducción. En Santiago de Cuba convergen distintos peligros ambientales asociados al agua que constituyen una amenaza permanente a la vida humana y al desarrollo socioeconómico de la provincia (intensas lluvias, inundaciones, ciclones tropicales, entre otros.). Su estudio en función de la reducción de desastres constituye una prioridad para el Estado cubano. Con el objetivo de realizar un conjunto de acciones de investigación y desarrollo encaminadas a determinar el peligro, la vulnerabilidad y el riesgo que causa el agua tanto en la naturaleza, como en las obras de infraestructura de la provincia Santiago de Cuba, ante el posible impacto de distintos fenómenos ambientales. Métodos. Se integran investigaciones de un grupo multidisciplinario estructurado en 3 partes: Estudios de peligro, vulnerabilidad y riesgos (PVR) en obras hidráulicas de Santiago de Cuba; estudios de PVR en cuencas hidrográficas de Santiago de Cuba y comportamiento espacial de la vulnerabilidad por el impacto de la humedad por capilaridad en edificaciones del centro histórico de la ciudad de Santiago de Cuba. Resultados. Herramientas y soluciones para fortalecer los sistemas de pronóstico y alerta temprana a la población e instituciones involucradas. Diseño de un nuevo procedimiento para la gestión de riesgos basado en la teoría de procesos, estudios de vulnerabilidad en obras hidráulicas y el agua como fenómeno de humedad capilar en las construcciones. Diagnósticos en cuencas hidrográficas y modelaciones de inundaciones; se actualizó la serie de precipitaciones mensuales de la provincia, así como diseño de software profesionales para la alerta temprana ante el impacto de eventos hidrometeorológicos extremos y acciones comunitarias para mejorar la cultura de riesgos.